Journal: BMC microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces.

doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Phylogenetic tree constructed based on analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the core genes of 48 entercocci genomes, including the 21 isolates obtained from bovine feces in the present study. Entercoccus faecalis, Entercoccus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Entercoccus durans, Entercoccus casseliflavus and Entercoccus gallinarum were compared using E. faecium strain T110 as a reference

Article Snippet: The 27 compete genomes from NCBI included: E. hirae (2 strains; ATCC 9790, R17), E. faecium (13 strains; Aus0004, Aus0085, T110, 6E6, VRE001, E1, E745, E39, UW8175, NRRL B2354, ATCC 700221, EFE10021), E. faecalis (9 strains; LD33, L12, KB1, 62, D32, V583, DENG1, OG1RF, ATCC 29212), E. durans (1 strain; KLDS6_0933), E. gallinarum (1 strain; FDAARGOS163), and E. casseliflavus (1 strain; EC20).

Techniques: Construct

Journal: BMC microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces.

doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 a Phylogenetic tree of Entercoccus faecium genome sequences from the present study and complete genome sequences from the NCBI database based on analysis of single-nucleotide varients (SNVs) of the core genes. b Relatedness tree of E. faecium genome sequences from present study and complete genome sequences from the NCBI database based on Pearson correlation similarity matrix analysis of accessory genes. Origin of isolates are as indicated in the figures

Article Snippet: The 27 compete genomes from NCBI included: E. hirae (2 strains; ATCC 9790, R17), E. faecium (13 strains; Aus0004, Aus0085, T110, 6E6, VRE001, E1, E745, E39, UW8175, NRRL B2354, ATCC 700221, EFE10021), E. faecalis (9 strains; LD33, L12, KB1, 62, D32, V583, DENG1, OG1RF, ATCC 29212), E. durans (1 strain; KLDS6_0933), E. gallinarum (1 strain; FDAARGOS163), and E. casseliflavus (1 strain; EC20).

Techniques:

Journal: BMC microbiology

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces.

doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4 a Blast atlas of 10 Enterococcus hirae strains isolated from bovine feces and E. hirae strain R17 mapped against E. hirae ATCC9790. b Blast atlas of the genomes of 3 Entercoccus faecium isolates from bovine feces and 12 complete E. faecium genomes from the NCBI database mapped against reference sequence E. faecium DO. Blast atlases were generated by GView Java package software [28] using both alignment length and percent identity cut-off values of 80%. Based on the reference genomes, phage and transposon related regions/loci are indicated on the altas diagram

Article Snippet: The 27 compete genomes from NCBI included: E. hirae (2 strains; ATCC 9790, R17), E. faecium (13 strains; Aus0004, Aus0085, T110, 6E6, VRE001, E1, E745, E39, UW8175, NRRL B2354, ATCC 700221, EFE10021), E. faecalis (9 strains; LD33, L12, KB1, 62, D32, V583, DENG1, OG1RF, ATCC 29212), E. durans (1 strain; KLDS6_0933), E. gallinarum (1 strain; FDAARGOS163), and E. casseliflavus (1 strain; EC20).

Techniques: Isolation, Sequencing, Generated, Software

Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents

Article Title: Antivirulence activity of auranofin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: in vitro and in vivo studies

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, µg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Article Snippet: In contrast, the MIC 90 of linezolid against VRE increased by one-fold in agreement with a previous report [ 19 ]. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 Strains MIC (μg/mL) Auranofin Linezolid SI HI SI HI E. faecium NR-31916 0.5 0.5 1 1 E. faecium ATCC 700221 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 E. faecium NR-32054 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31971 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium HM-952 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-32065 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium NR-32094 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31887 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-201 1 1 1 1 E. faecalis HM-934 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31970 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-968 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-335 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-965 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-31909 1 1 1 1 MIC 90 1 1 1 2 Open in a separate window SI, standard inoculum (~5 × 10 5 CFU/mL); HI, high inoculum (~5 × 10 7 CFU/mL); MIC 90 , the concentration of the test agent that inhibited the growth of 90% of the tested strains Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents

Article Title: Antivirulence activity of auranofin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: in vitro and in vivo studies

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Time-kill kinetics assay of auranofin and linezolid against stationary phase vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium NR-31909. Bacteria were incubated with test agents, and samples were collected at 0,12- and 24-h incubation period. The error bars represent standard deviation values obtained from triplicate samples used for each agent studied. (*) represents significant difference from 0 time. # represents significant difference from linezolid (*, # P < 0.05). Data were analyzed with two way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnet’s test.

Article Snippet: In contrast, the MIC 90 of linezolid against VRE increased by one-fold in agreement with a previous report [ 19 ]. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 Strains MIC (μg/mL) Auranofin Linezolid SI HI SI HI E. faecium NR-31916 0.5 0.5 1 1 E. faecium ATCC 700221 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 E. faecium NR-32054 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31971 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium HM-952 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-32065 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium NR-32094 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31887 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-201 1 1 1 1 E. faecalis HM-934 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31970 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-968 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-335 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-965 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-31909 1 1 1 1 MIC 90 1 1 1 2 Open in a separate window SI, standard inoculum (~5 × 10 5 CFU/mL); HI, high inoculum (~5 × 10 7 CFU/mL); MIC 90 , the concentration of the test agent that inhibited the growth of 90% of the tested strains Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Techniques: Bacteria, Incubation, Standard Deviation

Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents

Article Title: Antivirulence activity of auranofin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: in vitro and in vivo studies

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total protease inhibition activity of auranofin and linezolid against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium NR-31909. Data are presented as percent protease production of each drug (tested in sexruplicate). TSB with skim milk served as a negative control. Data were analyzed via unpaired Student t test (p<0.05). Auranofin was compared to untreated (*) and to linezolid (#).

Article Snippet: In contrast, the MIC 90 of linezolid against VRE increased by one-fold in agreement with a previous report [ 19 ]. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 Strains MIC (μg/mL) Auranofin Linezolid SI HI SI HI E. faecium NR-31916 0.5 0.5 1 1 E. faecium ATCC 700221 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 E. faecium NR-32054 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31971 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium HM-952 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-32065 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium NR-32094 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31887 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-201 1 1 1 1 E. faecalis HM-934 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31970 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-968 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-335 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-965 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-31909 1 1 1 1 MIC 90 1 1 1 2 Open in a separate window SI, standard inoculum (~5 × 10 5 CFU/mL); HI, high inoculum (~5 × 10 7 CFU/mL); MIC 90 , the concentration of the test agent that inhibited the growth of 90% of the tested strains Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay, Negative Control

Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents

Article Title: Antivirulence activity of auranofin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: in vitro and in vivo studies

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lipase inhibition activity of auranofin and linezolid against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium NR-31909. Data are presented as percent lipase production in presence of each drug (tested in sexruplicate). TSB with egg yolk emulsion served as a negative control. Data were analyzed via unpaired Student t test (p<0.05). Auranofin was compared to untreated (*) and to linezolid (#).

Article Snippet: In contrast, the MIC 90 of linezolid against VRE increased by one-fold in agreement with a previous report [ 19 ]. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 Strains MIC (μg/mL) Auranofin Linezolid SI HI SI HI E. faecium NR-31916 0.5 0.5 1 1 E. faecium ATCC 700221 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 E. faecium NR-32054 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31971 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium HM-952 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-32065 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium NR-32094 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31887 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-201 1 1 1 1 E. faecalis HM-934 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31970 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-968 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-335 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-965 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-31909 1 1 1 1 MIC 90 1 1 1 2 Open in a separate window SI, standard inoculum (~5 × 10 5 CFU/mL); HI, high inoculum (~5 × 10 7 CFU/mL); MIC 90 , the concentration of the test agent that inhibited the growth of 90% of the tested strains Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay, Emulsion, Negative Control

Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents

Article Title: Antivirulence activity of auranofin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci: in vitro and in vivo studies

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.009

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo antibacterial activity of auranofin against E. faecium NR-31909 in the murine septicemia model when administered (A) Orally at 0.125 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg; and (B) Subcutaneously (S.C.) at 0.0625 mg/kg, 0.125 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg compared to the vehicle control and the standard antibiotic linezolid given orally at 20 mg/kg. Mice survival was monitored for 5 days. Results were analyzed for statistical difference utilizing graphpad prism. (*) Denotes significant difference between each treated group and the untreated group (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: In contrast, the MIC 90 of linezolid against VRE increased by one-fold in agreement with a previous report [ 19 ]. table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 Strains MIC (μg/mL) Auranofin Linezolid SI HI SI HI E. faecium NR-31916 0.5 0.5 1 1 E. faecium ATCC 700221 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 E. faecium NR-32054 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31971 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium HM-952 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-32065 0.5 0.5 1 2 E. faecium NR-32094 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31887 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-201 1 1 1 1 E. faecalis HM-934 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis NR-31970 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-968 1 1 1 2 E. faecalis HM-335 1 1 1 2 E. faecium HM-965 1 1 1 2 E. faecium NR-31909 1 1 1 1 MIC 90 1 1 1 2 Open in a separate window SI, standard inoculum (~5 × 10 5 CFU/mL); HI, high inoculum (~5 × 10 7 CFU/mL); MIC 90 , the concentration of the test agent that inhibited the growth of 90% of the tested strains Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg/mL) of auranofin and linezolid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis at standard and high inocula.

Techniques: In Vivo, Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Journal of medicinal chemistry

Article Title: Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Antimicrobial Auranofin against ESKAPE Pathogens

doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00550

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC/MBC ( μ M) Values a of Group 3 Analogues with Trialkyl- or Triaryl-phosphine Ligands

Article Snippet: 18 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 59 , 60 table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 A. baumannii NCTC 13420 P. aeruginosa NCTC 13437 E. cloacae NCTC 13405 K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 S. aureus JE2 (USA300) E.faecium ATCC 700221 E. coli ATCC 25922 log P 1 47 (47) 377 (377) 189 (189) 377 (377) 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.56 2 47 (94) 377 (377) 377 (377) >377 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.4 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.38 24 (47) 189 (189) 47 (94) 189 (189) 0.04/0.09 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 12 (12) 0.26 4 f 82 (164) >328 >328 >328 0.01 (0.01) 0.08 (0.2) 21 (21) 1.01 5 f 33 (33) 132 (132) 66 (66) >265 0.008 (0.06) 0.03/0.06 (0.1) 17 (17) 0.45 6 g 66 (132) 132 (132) 265 (265) >265 0.03 (0.1) 0.1 (0.3) 33 (33) 1.04 7 c 12 (12) >194 24 (24) >194 0.003/0.006 (0.006) 0.05 (0.09) 24 (24) −0.28 8 f 76/19 (19) >303 152 (303) >303 0.04/0.009 (0.1) 0.04/0.07 (0.3) 152/323 (152) −0.36 9 63/16 (251) 502 (502) 125 (125) 502 (502) 0.06/0.1 (0.5) 0.1 (2) 31 (31) −0.81 10 31 (31) 251 (251) 63 (63) 251 (251) 0.02 (0.1) 0.1/0.2 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.73 11 31 (63) 502 (502) 125 (251) 502 (502) 0.02/0.06 (0.1) 0.1/0.06 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.59 12 15/29 (116) 464 (464) 116 (232) 464 (464) 0.02 (0.05) 0.05/0.1 (0.5) 7/4 (7) −0.89 13 24/48 (190) 381 (381) 190 (190) 381 (381) 0.02/0.05 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) −1.81 14 24 (24) 381 (381) 190 (190) >381 0.09/0.04 (0.09) 0.09/0.2 (0.4) 12 (12) −1.69 Open in a separate window a Assays were repeated twice.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of medicinal chemistry

Article Title: Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Antimicrobial Auranofin against ESKAPE Pathogens

doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00550

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC/MBC ( μ M) Values a of Group 2 Analogues with Aromatic or Aliphatic Thiol Ligands

Article Snippet: 18 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 59 , 60 table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 A. baumannii NCTC 13420 P. aeruginosa NCTC 13437 E. cloacae NCTC 13405 K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 S. aureus JE2 (USA300) E.faecium ATCC 700221 E. coli ATCC 25922 log P 1 47 (47) 377 (377) 189 (189) 377 (377) 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.56 2 47 (94) 377 (377) 377 (377) >377 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.4 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.38 24 (47) 189 (189) 47 (94) 189 (189) 0.04/0.09 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 12 (12) 0.26 4 f 82 (164) >328 >328 >328 0.01 (0.01) 0.08 (0.2) 21 (21) 1.01 5 f 33 (33) 132 (132) 66 (66) >265 0.008 (0.06) 0.03/0.06 (0.1) 17 (17) 0.45 6 g 66 (132) 132 (132) 265 (265) >265 0.03 (0.1) 0.1 (0.3) 33 (33) 1.04 7 c 12 (12) >194 24 (24) >194 0.003/0.006 (0.006) 0.05 (0.09) 24 (24) −0.28 8 f 76/19 (19) >303 152 (303) >303 0.04/0.009 (0.1) 0.04/0.07 (0.3) 152/323 (152) −0.36 9 63/16 (251) 502 (502) 125 (125) 502 (502) 0.06/0.1 (0.5) 0.1 (2) 31 (31) −0.81 10 31 (31) 251 (251) 63 (63) 251 (251) 0.02 (0.1) 0.1/0.2 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.73 11 31 (63) 502 (502) 125 (251) 502 (502) 0.02/0.06 (0.1) 0.1/0.06 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.59 12 15/29 (116) 464 (464) 116 (232) 464 (464) 0.02 (0.05) 0.05/0.1 (0.5) 7/4 (7) −0.89 13 24/48 (190) 381 (381) 190 (190) 381 (381) 0.02/0.05 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) −1.81 14 24 (24) 381 (381) 190 (190) >381 0.09/0.04 (0.09) 0.09/0.2 (0.4) 12 (12) −1.69 Open in a separate window a Assays were repeated twice.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of medicinal chemistry

Article Title: Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Antimicrobial Auranofin against ESKAPE Pathogens

doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00550

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC/MBC ( μ M) Values a of Analogues with Trimethylphosphine Ligands

Article Snippet: 18 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 48 , 59 , 60 table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1. caption a7 A. baumannii NCTC 13420 P. aeruginosa NCTC 13437 E. cloacae NCTC 13405 K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 S. aureus JE2 (USA300) E.faecium ATCC 700221 E. coli ATCC 25922 log P 1 47 (47) 377 (377) 189 (189) 377 (377) 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.56 2 47 (94) 377 (377) 377 (377) >377 0.04 (0.09) 0.2/0.4 (0.4) 24 (24) 0.38 24 (47) 189 (189) 47 (94) 189 (189) 0.04/0.09 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 12 (12) 0.26 4 f 82 (164) >328 >328 >328 0.01 (0.01) 0.08 (0.2) 21 (21) 1.01 5 f 33 (33) 132 (132) 66 (66) >265 0.008 (0.06) 0.03/0.06 (0.1) 17 (17) 0.45 6 g 66 (132) 132 (132) 265 (265) >265 0.03 (0.1) 0.1 (0.3) 33 (33) 1.04 7 c 12 (12) >194 24 (24) >194 0.003/0.006 (0.006) 0.05 (0.09) 24 (24) −0.28 8 f 76/19 (19) >303 152 (303) >303 0.04/0.009 (0.1) 0.04/0.07 (0.3) 152/323 (152) −0.36 9 63/16 (251) 502 (502) 125 (125) 502 (502) 0.06/0.1 (0.5) 0.1 (2) 31 (31) −0.81 10 31 (31) 251 (251) 63 (63) 251 (251) 0.02 (0.1) 0.1/0.2 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.73 11 31 (63) 502 (502) 125 (251) 502 (502) 0.02/0.06 (0.1) 0.1/0.06 (0.5) 16 (16) −0.59 12 15/29 (116) 464 (464) 116 (232) 464 (464) 0.02 (0.05) 0.05/0.1 (0.5) 7/4 (7) −0.89 13 24/48 (190) 381 (381) 190 (190) 381 (381) 0.02/0.05 (0.09) 0.09 (0.4) 24 (24) −1.81 14 24 (24) 381 (381) 190 (190) >381 0.09/0.04 (0.09) 0.09/0.2 (0.4) 12 (12) −1.69 Open in a separate window a Assays were repeated twice.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens—Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

doi: 10.3390/ijms24119727

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies assessing the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against methicillin resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant S. aureus (a non-exhaustive list).

Article Snippet: Al-Maharik N et al., 2021 , MRSA S. aureus ATCC 25923 E. faecium ATCC 700221 K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 Proteus vulgaris ATCC 700221 E. coli ATCC 25922 P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 C. albicans ATCC 90028 , Satureja nabateorum (Danin and Hedge) Bräuchler , Broth microdilution assay Cell culture cytotoxicity assay , Both the fresh and the air-dried EOs of S. nabateorum presented good and similar antimicrobial and fungicidal activity. EO obtained from the air-dried sample manifested a higher antimicrobial activity against MRSA (MIC = 6.25 μg/mL) than ciprofloxacin (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL). Both EOs showed cytotoxic activity against HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells and were proposed as potential alternatives to bactericides and fungicides of chemical origin, as well as natural preservatives and conservation substances. , [ ] .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay, Inhibition, Cytotoxicity Assay, Electron Microscopy, In Vitro, Dilution Assay, Preserving, Quantitative Proteomics, Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Membrane, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Concentration Assay, Titration, Bacteria, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Microdilution Assay, Produced, Modification, Clinical Proteomics, Blocking Assay, Staining, Cell Culture, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Crystal Violet Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Liposomes, Time-Kill Assay, Formulation, MTT Assay, Incubation, Thin Layer Chromatography, Bioassay, Antibiofilm Assay, Resazurin Assay, Biofilm Production Assay, Control, Infection, Cream, Antioxidant Activity Assay, Permeability, Virus, Extraction, Isolation